MARK IV

I love history. This page will contain the findings of my research into the lineage of the Pharaoh of Egypt and the Emperor of the Roman Empire and who could claim a legitimate Translatio Imperii (Transfer of Rule) of both of these repective empires and their leadership (their titles) today. This research, while having sources almost exclusively from Wikipedia.org, are subject to criticism and rightfully so, as none are alive today to confirm the things that are written for posterity. If any part of this document offends anyone in anyway, please except my apology and read no further. It was not my intention to confuse, abscure, misdirect, change or add to the nature of the things that have come to pass. This is for my pleasure as a history fan and nothing more.

Part II: The Roman Emperors

Part III: The Byzantine Emperors

Part IV: The Holy Roman Emperors

Part I: The Pharoahs of Egypt

In circa 3150 B.C., the Kingdoms of Lower and Upper Egypt became unified under one King, Pharoah Menes I (or Pharoah Hor-Aha I: see below). Thus we begin Translatio Imperii.

Dynasty	Name	Notes
First	Menes I
First	Hor-Aha I	May be the same as Menes I, insufficient evidence at this time to show they are the same.
First	Djer I
First	Merneith I
First	Djet I
First	Den I
First	Anedjib I
First	Semerkhet I
First	Qa'a I
Second	Hotepsekhemwy I
Second	Raneb I
Second	Nynetjer I
Second	Wneg I
Second	Senedj I
Second	Seth-Peribsen I
Second	Sekhemib-Perenmaat I
Second	Khasekhemwy I
Third	Sanakhte I
Third	Djoser I	Centralised Power of the Pharoah in Memphis. Commissioned the prototype "Step Pyramid" which would later help create the more famous pyramids Egypt is known for.
Third	Sekhemkhet I
Third	Khaba I
Third	Huni I
Fourth	Sneferu I
Fourth	Khufu I
Fourth	Djedefra I	Also Known As Radjedef I
Fourth	Khafra I
Fourth	Menkaura I
Fourth	Shepseskaf I
Fifth	Userkaf I
Fifth	Sahure I
Fifth	Neferirkare Kakai I
Fifth	Shepseskare Isi I
Fifth	Neferefre I
Fifth	Nyuserre Ini I
Fifth	Menkauhor Kaiu I
Fifth	Djedkare Isesi I
Fifth	Unas I
Sixth	Teti I
Sixth	Userkare I
Sixth	Pepi I Meryre
Sixth	Merenre Nemtyemsaf I
Sixth	Pepi II Neferkare	Ruled over Egypt for 94 years, the longest reign of any monarch in known history. The Old Kingdom begins to weaken after his death.
Sixth	Neferka I
Sixth	Nefer I
Sixth	Aba I
Sixth	Unknown King	Other than his title and reign, nothing else is known about this Pharoah at this time.
Sixth	Merenre Nemtyemsaf II
Sixth	Nitiqret I	Believed to be the first female Pharoah. The Old Kingdom collapsed after her reign.

After the rule of Nitiqret I, the period known as the Old Kingdom came to an end and a new period known as the First Imtermidiate Period (the Egyptians at the time called this the "First Diesase" of the nation). The collapse created rival states in both Lower and Upper Egypt once again, until circa 2160 B.C. When two lines of Pharoahs emerged from both Kingdoms.

Dynasty	Name	Notes
Seventh and Eighth	Neferkara I
Seventh and Eighth	Netjerkare I
Seventh and Eighth	Menkare I
Seventh and Eighth	Neferkare II
Seventh and Eighth	Neferkara Nebi I
Seventh and Eighth	Djedkara Shemai I
Seventh and Eighth	Neferkara Khendu I
Seventh and Eighth	Merenhor I	This Pharoah's position here is disputed.
Seventh and Eighth	Neferkamin Seneferka I
Seventh and Eighth	Nikara I
Seventh and Eighth	Neferkara Tereru I
Seventh and Eighth	Neferkahor I
Seventh and Eighth	Neferkara Pepyseneb I
Seventh and Eighth	Neferkamin Anu I
Seventh and Eighth	Qakare Ibi I
Seventh and Eighth	Neferkara II
Seventh and Eighth	Neferkawhor Khuwihap I
Seventh and Eighth	Neferirkara I
Ninth	Meryibre Khety I	Also known as Achthoes I
Ninth	Meribre Khety II
Ninth	Neferkare III
Ninth	Nebkaure I	Also known as Acthoes II
Ninth	Setut I
Ninth	Wakhare Khety I
Ninth	Merykare I
Ninth	Wankhare Khety II
Ninth	Menethoupe I
Ninth	Wankhare Khety III
Ninth	Khety II
Ninth	Unknown Name	She is Khety II's daughter
Ninth	Unknown Name	She is Merikare I's daughter

Below are the Pharoahs that ruled only Lower Egypt in 2130 B.C.

Dynasty	Name	Notes
Tenth	Meryhathor I
Tenth	Neferkare IV
Tenth	Wankare I	Also known as Acthoes III
Tenth	Merykare I
Tenth	- Courtnie I	Full name unknown.

The Pharoahs of Upper Egypt (shown below) eventually defeated Lower Egypt and reunified the two Kingdoms once again.

Dynasty	Name	Notes
Eleventh	Mentuhotep I Tepy-a
Eleventh	Sehertawy Intef I
Eleventh	Wahankh Intef II
Eleventh	Nakhtnebtepnefer Intef III
Eleventh	Nebhetepre Mentuhotep II	During his reign, this Pharoah defeated the Pharoah of Lower Egypt and reunified the Kingdom once again. This ended the Imtermidiate Period and began the Middle Kingdom Era of Egypt.
Eleventh	Sankhkare Mentuhotep III
Eleventh	Nebtawyre Mentuhotep IV
Twelfth	Amenemhat I
Twelfth	Senusret I	Also Known as Sesostris I
Twelfth	Amenemhat II
Twelfth	Senusret II	Also Known as Sesostris II
Twelfth	Senusret III	Also Known as Sesostris III
Twelfth	Amenemhat III
Twelfth	Amenemhat IV
Twelfth	Sobekneferu I	This Pharoah was female.

The next Dynasty was much weaker than the Twelfth and as such, friction between rival peoples lead to weakened defense. As another group seized power, an invasion by the people known as Hyksos from the Fertile Cresent in Asia began and took the throne for themselves. Eventually yet another group of Native Egyptians seized the throne and drove the Hyksos back into Asia. This era is known as the Second Imtermidiate Period of Egypt.

Dynasty	Name	Notes
Thirteenth	Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep I	Also known as Wegaf I
Thirteenth	Sekhemkare I	Also known as Amenemhat V Senebef. He is the brother of the former Pharoah Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep I.
Thirteenth	Amenemhat I
Thirteenth	Sehetepre I
Thirteenth	Iufni I
Thirteenth	Seankhibre I
Thirteenth	Semenkare
Thirteenth	Sehetepre I
Thirteenth	Sewadjkare I
Thirteenth	Nedjemibre I
Thirteenth	Sobekhotep I
Thirteenth	Renseneb I
Thirteenth	Awybre Hor I
Thirteenth	Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep II	It is unknown if this is another Pharoah of the same name or if it is indeed the first Pharoah misplaced on the list.
Thirteenth	Khendjer I
Thirteenth	Imyremeshaw I
Thirteenth	Antef V
Thirteenth	Sobekhotep III
Thirteenth	Neferhotep I
Thirteenth	Sobekhotep IV
Thirteenth	Sobekhotep V
Thirteenth	Wahibre Ibiau I
Thirteenth	Merneferre Ai I
Thirteenth	Merhetepre Ini I
Thirteenth	Seankhenre Sewadtjew I
Thirteenth	Mersekhemre Ined I
Thirteenth	Sewadjkare Hori I
Thirteenth	Dudimose I Dudimose II Mentuhotep V Senaayeb Senebmiu	These Pharoahs possitions on this list are unknown at this time. They do belong to the Thirteenth Dynasty however.

This group, after the generally ineffective Dynasty left Egypt weak and in famine, seized power and took the throne.

Dynasty	Name	Note
Fourteenth	Nehesy I
Fourteenth	Khakherewre	Complete name unknown
Fourteenth	Nebefawre I
Fourteenth	Sehebre	Complete name unknown
Fourteenth	Merdjefare I
Fourteenth	Sewadjkare	Complete name unknown
Fourteenth	Nebdjefare I
Fourteenth	Webenre	Complete name unknown
Fourteenth	Unknown Pharoah	Nothing else is known about this Pharoah.
Fourteenth	- djefare	Complete name unknown
Fourteenth	- webenre	Complete name unknown

In 1674 B.C. the Hyskos, the foreign people from the Asian Fertile Cresent, invaded and installed their own line of Pharoahs to rule over the Egyptians.

Dynasty	Name
Fifteenth	Sheshi I
Fifteenth	Yakubher I
Fifteenth	Khyan I
Fifteenth	Apepi I
Fifteenth	Khamudy I

Dynasty	Name	Notes
Sixteenth	Unknown Name	His name is no longer recoverable at this time.
Sixteenth	Djehuti I	His Hyskos name is Sekhemresementawy I
Sixteenth	Sobekhotep VIII	His Hyskos name is Sekhemresewosertawy I
Sixteenth	Neferhotep III	His Hyskos name is Sekhemresankhtawy I
Sixteenth	Mentuhotep VI	His Hyskos name is Sankhenra I
Sixteenth	Nebiriau I	His Hyskos name is Sewadjenra I
Sixteenth	Nebiriau II
Sixteenth	Semenre I
Sixteenth	Bebiankh I	His Hyskos name is Sewoserenra I
Sixteenth	Sekhemreshedwaset I	This is his Hyskos Name. His Egyptian Royal Name is unknown.
Sixteenth	Unknown Names	There are at least five other Pharoahs in this dynasty, all of whose names are now lost at this time.

This group of local Egyptians wrestled power from the Sixteenth Dynasty and finally drove off the Hyskos from Egypt proper in 1650 B.C., reuniting the land once more.

Dynasty	Name	Notes
Seventeenth	Rahotep Sekhemrewahkhaw I
Seventeenth	Intef V the Elder
Seventeenth	Antef VI Sekhemrewepmaat
Seventeenth	Antef VII Nubkheperre
Seventeenth	Intef VIII Sekhemreherhermaat
Seventeenth	Sobekemsaf II Sekhemrewadjkhaw
Seventeenth	Djehuti I
Seventeenth	Mentuhotep VI
Seventeenth	Nebiryerawet I
Seventeenth	Nebiryerawet II
Seventeenth	Semenre I
Seventeenth	Seuserenre I
Seventeenth	Shedwast I
Seventeenth	Intef VII
Seventeenth	Tao I the Elder	Also known as Senakhtenre I
Seventeenth	Tao II the Brave	Also known as Seqenenre I
Seventeenth	Kamose I	After this Pharoah's rule, the Second Intermidiate Period ends and the era of the "New Kingdom" begins in ca. 1550 B.C.
Eighteenth	Ahmose I	The Period of the "New Kingdom" begins at the start of this Pharoahs reign. Also Known as Ahmosis I.
Eighteenth	Amenhotep I
Eighteenth	Thutmose I
Eighteenth	Thutmose II
Eighteenth	Thutmose III	Expanded the Empire into the Levant (Modern day Isreal)
Eighteenth	Hatshepsut I	Known Female Ruler.
Eighteenth	Amenhotep II
Eighteenth	Thutmose IV
Eighteenth	Amenhotep III
Eighteenth	Amenhotep IV	More famously known as Akhenaten I, believed to be the founder of Monotheism (the belief in one god) in opposition to the popular opinion of many gods in Ancient Egypt.
Eighteenth	Smenkhkare I	Possibly co-ruled with Akhenaten I
Eighteenth	Neferneferuaten I
Eighteenth	Tutankhamun I	The famous King Tut, most well known of the Pharoahs in the modern era. Believed to be the son of Akhenaten I, he is also believed to be the Pharoah to reinstall the "old gods" of Egypt.
Eighteenth	Kheperkheprure Ay I
Eighteenth	Horemheb I	The former General of Tutankhamun I, destroyed images (Egypt's main record source) of former Pharoahs.
Nineteenth	Ramesses I
Nineteenth	Seti I
Nineteenth	Ramesses II	Also known as Ramesses the Great, believed to be the Pharoah most associated with Moses and the Exodus, it is now believed to be another Pharoah however. Created the first known peace treaty and signed it with the Hittites.
Nineteenth	Merneptah I
Nineteenth	Amenemses I
Nineteenth	Seti II
Nineteenth	Merneptah Siptah I
Nineteenth	Tausret I	Also known as Tawosret I, a confirmed female ruler. She is the wife of Seti II.
Twentieth	Setnakhte I
Twentieth	Ramesses III
Twentieth	Ramesses III
Twentieth	Ramesses IV
Twentieth	Ramesses V
Twentieth	Ramesses VI
Twentieth	Ramesses VII
Twentieth	Ramesses VIII
Twentieth	Ramesses IX
Twentieth	Ramesses X
Twentieth	Ramesses XI	Removed from the throne by the High Priest of Amun Herihor. The end of this Pharoahs reign marks the end of the New Kingdom and the start of the Third Intermidiate Period of Egypt.

The Third Intermidiate Period is unique due to the numerous occupations of the throne by the foreign Libyans.



The Twenty-first Dynasty was weak and could only effectively exercise rule over Lower Egypt.

Dynasty	Name	Notes
Twenty-first	Nesbanebdjed I	Also known as Pharoahs Smendes I
Twenty-first	Amenemnisu I
Twenty-first	Psusennes I
Twenty-first	Amenemope I
Twenty-first	Osorkon I	Also known as Osorkon I and/or Osochor I
Twenty-first	Siamun I
Twenty-first	Psusennes II

The Libyans took advantage of the weak dynasty and install their own line of Pharoahs.

Dynasty	Name	Notes
Twenty-second	Shoshenq I	Also known as the Egyptian King Shishaq in the Book of Genesis.
Twenty-second	Osorkon I
Twenty-second	Shoshenq II
Twenty-second	Takelot I
Twenty-second	Harsiese I
Twenty-second	Osorkon II
Twenty-second	Shoshenq III
Twenty-second	Shoshenq IV
Twenty-second	Pami I
Twenty-second	Shoshenq V
Twenty-second	Osorkon IV
Twenty-third	Takelot II	Founded a new line of Libyans Pharoahs.
Twenty-third	Pedubast I	Forcibly seized power from Takelot II
Twenty-third	Iuput I
Twenty-third	Shoshenq VI
Twenty-third	Osorkon III	Son of Takelot II, proclaimed himself Pharoah after taking the throne from Shoshenq VI.
Twenty-third	Takelot III
Twenty-third	Rudamun I
Twenty-third	Iuput II

The Egyptians finally retake the throne once again, however it will not last as the Third Intermidiate Period draws to a close and the era known as the "Late Period" begins after the death of King Bakenrenef I.

Dynasty	Name	Notes
Twenty-fourth	Tefnakhte I
Twenty-fourth	Bakenrenef I	Also known as Bocchoris I

The end of Bakenrenef I reign marks the end of the Third Intermidiate Period, however Egypt will be in the hands of foreign power many more times after this by the Nubians in the south, the Achaemenid Persian Empire, and will eventually be incorporated into the Macedonian Empire, ruled by the famous Alexander the Great.

Dynasty	Name	Notes
Twenty-fifth	Piye I	King of Nubia conquered Egypt to the north and became Pharoah.
Twenty-fifth	Shabaka I
Twenty-fifth	Shebitku I
Twenty-fifth	Taharqa I
Twenty-fifth	Tantamani I

The Egyptians take back control of the throne in 672 B.C.

Dynasty	Name
Twenty-sixth	Necho I
Twenty-sixth	Psamtik I
Twenty-sixth	Necho II
Twenty-sixth	Psamtik II
Twenty-sixth	Wahibre I
Twenty-sixth	Ahmose II
Twenty-sixth	Psammetichus III

In 525 B.C. Egypt was conquered by the Achaemenid Persian Empire famous for their wars against Ancient Greece. The Shahs (Kings) of Persia also held the Pharonic Throne.

Dynasty	Name	Notes
Twenty-seventh	Cambyses II
Twenty-seventh	Smerdis I the Usurper
Twenty-seventh	Darius I the Great	The King who famously lost the battle of Marathon, the catalyst for the Greco-Persian Wars.
Twenty-seventh	Xerxes I the Great	Famously won the Battle of Thermopylae and destroyed the Greece Alliance Capital of Athens.
Twenty-seventh	Artabanus I the Hyrcanian
Twenty-seventh	Artaxerxes I Longhand
Twenty-seventh	Xerxes II	Was not installed as Pharoah de jure, however Persia had control of Egypt and was King of Persia, making him a claimant to the throne. Ruled for 45 days and was assasinated.
Twenty-seventh	Sogdianus I	The Same was true of this Pharoah, King of Persia, but not installed as Pharaoh. Reigned for 6 months and fifteen days.
Twenty-seventh	Darius II

Amyrtaeus I, descended from the natural born Egyptian Pharoahs of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty wrestles power away from the Persians and brings power back to Egypt proper in 404 B.C.

Dynasty	Name	Notes
Twenty-eighth	Amyrtaeus I	Lead a revolt against the Persians and won back the Throne of the Pharoah for the Egyptian people.
Twenty-ninth	Nefaarud I	Also known as Nepherites I
Twenty-ninth	Psammuthes I
Twenty-ninth	Hakor I
Twenty-ninth	Nefaarud II
Thirtieth	Nectanebo I	Also known as Nekhtnebef I
Thirtieth	Teos I	This Pharoah is the son of Nectanebo I
Thirtieth	Nectanebo II	Overthrew Teos I and became Pharoah in 360 B.C. His reign marks the last time a natural born Egyptian would ever hold the title Pharoah.

The Achaemenid Persians once more invade and overtake Egypt in 343 B.C. And once again, the Shahs take the title of Pharoah for themselves.

Dynasty	Name	Notes
Thirty-first	Artaxerxes III	Leads the invasion to retake Egypt for the Persian Empire.
Thirty-first	Artaxerxes IV Arses	Only effectively controlled Lower Egypt during his reign.
Thirty-first	Khababash I	Lead a revolt from Upper Egypt with the help of Nubians and broke away from the Persians.
Thirty-first	Darius III Codomannus	Beats back Khababash I and retakes all of Egypt.

In Greece to the North, Alexander the Great brings an end to the Greco-Persian Wars by conquering Persopolis, the heart of the Persian Empire. He then sets out to conquer all other areas of the empire including Egypt. He takes the title Pharoah of Egypt in 332 B.C.

Dynasty	Name	Notes
Thirty-second	Alexander III the Great	The famous Alexander the Great. With his conquest of the Achaemenid Persians, Egypt, Babylon, and undisputed rule over unified Greece, he created the new title of "King of Asia" which his family held on to until only a few short generations later.
Thirty-second	Philip III Arrhidaeus	He is the half-brother of Alexander the Great, put in charge of Egypt after Alexander had died traveling in other lands.
Thirty-second	Alexander IV of Macedon	The son of Alexander, also became Pharoah.

Ptolemy I was one of the head Generals in the army of Alexander the Great. It was agreed after Alexander's death that the lands of his conquest would be divided among his Generals and as such, Ptolemy was set to rule Egypt as Pharoah. His reign began the self named "Ptolemaic Dynasty" of Egypt in 305 B.C.

Dynasty	Name	Notes
Ptolemaic	Ptolemy I Soter	General of Alexander the Great, founder of the Ptolemaic Dynasty, he abdicates in 285 B.C.
Ptolemaic	Berenice I	She is the wife of Ptolemy I
Ptolemaic	Ptolemy II Philadelphos
Ptolemaic	Arsinoe I	She is the Wife of Ptolemy II
Ptolemaic	Arsinoe II	She is the sister of Ptolemy II
Ptolemaic	Ptolemy III Euergetes I
Ptolemaic	Berenice II	She is the wife of Ptolemy III
Ptolemaic	Ptolemy IV Philopator
Ptolemaic	Arsinoe III	She is the wife of Ptolemy IV
Ptolemaic	Ptolemy V Epiphanes	Reigned during a revolt in Upper Egypt.
Ptolemaic	Cleopatra I	The first of a line of the Cleopatra name. She is the wife of Ptolemy V.
Ptolemaic	Ptolemy VI Philometor
Ptolemaic	Cleopatra II	She is the wife of Ptolemy VI
Ptolemaic	Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II	Co-ruled with Ptolemy VI and Cleopatra II
Ptolemaic	Ptolemy VI Philometor	Became ruler again after leaving kingdom to Ptolemy VIII
Ptolemaic	Cleopatra II	She later married Ptolemy VIII and betrayed him to become sole Pharaoh of Egypt.
Ptolemaic	Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator	He is the son of Cleopatra II
Ptolemaic	Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II	Was restored to the throne once again.
Ptolemaic	Cleopatra III	Ptolemy VIII remarried and co-ruled with this Pharoah.
Ptolemaic	Ptolemy Memphitis I	Declared Pharoah by Cleopatra II and was killed by Ptolemy VIII soon after.
Ptolemaic	Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II	After killing Ptolemy Memphitis I he took the throne once more.
Ptolemaic	Cleopatra III	After Ptolemy VIII retook the throne, became "Queen of Egypt" again as well.
Ptolemaic	Cleopatra II	Made amends with Ptolemy VIII and co-ruled Egypt with he and Cleopatra III.
Ptolemaic	Ptolemy IX Soter II
Ptolemaic	Cleopatra IV	The wife of Ptolemy IX, later de-throned by Cleopatra III.
Ptolemaic	Ptolemy X Alexander I
Ptolemaic	Ptolemy IX Soter II	Restored to the throne of Egypt.
Ptolemaic	Ptolemy X Alexander I	Became Pharoah once again.
Ptolemaic	Ptolemy IX Soter II	Became Pharoah once more.
Ptolemaic	Berenice III	Arranged to marry Ptolemy XI and was executed by him 19 days later.
Ptolemaic	Ptolemy XI Alexander II	The son of Ptolemy X, killed by the citizens of Egypt for carrying out the execution of Berenice III under orders from the former Pharoah Ptolemy IX.
Ptolemaic	Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos	Son of Ptolemy IX, also known as Ptolemy XII Auletes.
Ptolemaic	Cleopatra V Tryphaena	The wife of Ptolemy XII.
Ptolemaic	Cleopatra VI	She is the daughter of Ptolemy XII
Ptolemaic	Berenice IV	Another daughter of Ptolemy XII.
Ptolemaic	Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos	Ruled Egypt once more. He later co-rules with another of his daughters Cleopatra VII.
Ptolemaic	Cleopatra VII	The most well known Queen of Egypt, most associated with the name "Cleopatra". Her actions are well documented in history and are artistically retold in William Shakespeare's play, "Julius Caesar".
Ptolemaic	Ptolemy XIII	Brother of and co-ruler with Cleopatra VII.
Ptolemaic	Arsinoe IV	Rivaled the Throne with Cleopatra VII
Ptolemaic	Ptolemy XIV	He is the younger brother of both Cleopatra VII and Ptolemy XIII.
Ptolemaic	Ptolemy XV Caesarion	The Son of Cleopatra VII and possibly Julius Caesar, "Dictator for Life" of Rome. Took the throne at three years old. He is the last Pharoah of Egypt to rule within the Kingdom.

In 30 B.C. Octavian, adopted son of Julius Caesar arrives in Egypt to finish his rivalry with Marc Antony and Cleopatra to become the sole ruler, "Emperor" of Rome. When he arrives however, Antony and later Cleopatra are dead having committed suicide. This left only Caesarion as ruler of Egypt and as Julius Caesars' only (belived) blood related son, he could claim the Throne of Rome as well. To avoid future succession problems, Octavian executes Caesarion to become the undisputed ruler of Rome. However, (and more importantly due to the reason for this page's existence) as Caesarion was the last "Ptolemaic" Pharaoh of Egypt and Octavian had already conquered all of Egypt upon his arrival, it is Octavian who is recognized as the new Pharoah. He takes this title back to Rome and installs a Governor to manage Egypt.

Continue to The Roman Emperors